Asthma Drug Zileuton Shows Promise in Preventing Allergic Reactions

Researchers have made a significant breakthrough in the fight against life-threatening food allergies. A study conducted at Northwestern University has demonstrated that Zileuton, an oral medication originally developed for asthma, could nearly eliminate severe allergic reactions in mice. This promising finding has led to the initiation of clinical trials to evaluate its effects in humans.

The research found that Zileuton dramatically reduced the susceptibility to anaphylaxis, shifting the risk from 95 percent to nearly zero in the test subjects. The study, published in the journal Science, highlighted the previously unknown role of a gene known as DPEP1 in regulating anaphylactic responses. By inhibiting the pathway associated with this gene, researchers were able to block food-induced allergic reactions effectively.

Dr. Stephanie Eisenbarth, co-senior author of the study at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, expressed her astonishment at the drug’s efficacy, stating, “It was actually shocking how well Zileuton worked.” The researchers administered peanut extract to the mice shortly after treating them with Zileuton, successfully monitoring their allergic responses.

The discovery arose from a comprehensive genetic screen over several years, which aimed to identify specific genes linked to biological differences, such as food allergy susceptibility. The team found that the DPEP1 gene regulates leukotrienes in the gut—chemical mediators that are already targeted by existing asthma treatments. By blocking the production of leukotrienes with Zileuton, the researchers were able to provide a protective effect against severe allergic reactions.

Food allergies are increasingly common, affecting approximately one in ten individuals globally. Currently, there are only two approved treatments for specific food allergies, neither of which guarantees safety for all patients. One option is oral immunotherapy for peanut allergies, which can sometimes trigger anaphylaxis itself. The other, omalizumab, is a costly injection that does not work for every allergy sufferer.

According to Dr. Eisenbarth, Zileuton represents a revolutionary approach to treating food allergies, offering a straightforward pill that could effectively shield patients from anaphylactic pathways before they activate. “For parents sending their child to a birthday party, or for anyone flying where they can’t control what’s being served, this could be a powerful protective drug,” she added.

The researchers launched a small clinical trial in July 2023 to assess whether the results seen in mice can be replicated in humans. This trial aims to provide insights not only into the efficacy of Zileuton but also into the broader mechanisms of food allergies.

Additionally, the findings may help clarify why some individuals test positive for food allergens without experiencing any symptoms. Dr. Eisenbarth noted that the newly identified pathway could explain the phenomenon, stating, “This pathway we discovered may be one explanation for why some of those people are protected.” She emphasized the need for further research to understand how allergies develop and why some individuals are more susceptible than others.

As the scientific community looks forward to the results of the upcoming clinical trials, this research stands as a beacon of hope for millions affected by food allergies and their families. The potential for a simple, effective treatment could change the landscape of allergy management and improve quality of life for countless individuals.