Lassa Fever Claims 168 Lives Across 21 Nigerian States in 2025

The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC) has reported that Lassa fever has resulted in the deaths of 168 individuals across 21 states in 2025. The agency’s situation report for epidemiological week 38 indicates a total of 4,543 suspected cases, with 897 confirmed positive, reflecting a case fatality rate of 18.7 percent.

Current Outbreak and Impact

The NCDC identified four states—Ondo, Edo, Taraba, and Bauchi—as the epicentres of this outbreak, accounting for approximately 67 percent of all confirmed cases. Among these, Ondo State has reported the highest number of cases, followed closely by Edo and Bauchi. Other affected states include Ebonyi, Benue, Kogi, Gombe, Plateau, Kaduna, Nasarawa, Enugu, Delta, Anambra, Rivers, Borno, Oyo, Ogun, Lagos, and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT).

The NCDC’s report highlights that a significant portion of the confirmed cases involves individuals aged 21 to 40, a demographic that is particularly socially and economically active. This increased exposure contributes to the spread of the rodent-borne disease.

Transmission and Prevention Efforts

Lassa fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic illness, primarily transmitted to humans through contact with food or household items contaminated by the urine or faeces of infected rats. There is also potential for human-to-human transmission, especially in healthcare settings lacking adequate infection control measures. Although cases typically peak during the dry season from December to April, infections have persisted throughout the year.

The NCDC has raised concerns that, without stronger community awareness and control measures, Lassa fever will continue to pose a significant public health challenge. Despite ongoing efforts, the current case fatality rate of 18.7 percent remains above the national target of below 10 percent. Certain states, including Taraba and Bauchi, have reported even higher fatality rates compared to the national average.

The agency underscores the importance of early presentation at treatment centres, noting that the antiviral medicine ribavirin is most effective when administered promptly. The NCDC is actively coordinating response efforts, which include enhancing surveillance, expanding diagnostic capabilities, and supporting treatment centres in high-burden states.

Community sensitisation campaigns are currently underway to promote preventive practices such as proper food storage, maintaining environmental hygiene, and discouraging self-medication. The NCDC has called for stronger collaboration among states, communities, and healthcare workers to effectively curb the spread of Lassa fever. Citizens are urged to securely store food, cover household waste, and reduce contact with rodents, which are the primary carriers of the virus.

As the situation evolves, the NCDC remains committed to mitigating the impact of Lassa fever and improving public health outcomes across Nigeria.